Essay --

Bill the Butcher, a nativist man, willing to kill and die for his own country. Dislike Irish immigrants, and African Americans, an egocentric man. Bonnie and Clyde a couple who met young, committed their crimes together, and ultimately died together. These notorious characters from history have formed a platform of violence among those around them. Bill the Butcher, and Bonnie and Clyde, their thoughts, their views, and their lives; alike and different at the same time for government/ authority, power, their crimes, their atmosphere ( events surrounding them ), and ultimately their deaths. Bill the Butcher's view on government was that the natives basically run everything. He has a big dislike for irish immigrants coming into the U.S. In the film Gangs of New York Bill the Butcher finds the Irish as a waste of space, of no use, and unwilling to die for the Nations that has opened their doors to them. He is egocentric believing that Natives are superior to any others residing the area, including African Americans. Bonnie and Clyde in ‘’ The Lives and Times of Bonnie and Clyde’’ do not present an actual hate toward government, rather as Milner shows, a sense of rebellious criminals, ‘’ They call them cold blooded killers’’ ( ). The title of the chapter impling who they are, not just thieves, and burglars, but murders. Bill the Butcher was willing in his eyes kill and die for his country, Bonnie and Clyde on the other side, were destroying the government with their crimes, leading officials to investigations, and chase s after the two. Bill the Butcher presents a sense of power in his character, he is the leader of a Nativist gang as Asbury states called the (----) (Page). In the book Bill the Butcher is known as Asbury states ... ... sense of rebellion, and standing your ground, Bill the Butcher not liking the Irish immigrants, even when the government was allowing them to come in; Bonnie and Clyde not settling to live like others in poverty, and if times were hard, well they made times hard for those who were doing well, public officials..''the law..'' (PAGE). Blibliography Asbury, Herbert. The Gangs of New York. Leicester: W.F. Howes, 2003. Print. Milner, E. R. The Lives and times of Bonnie and Clyde. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1996. Print. Gangs of New York. Dir. Martin Scorsese. Perf. Daniel Day- Lewis, Cameron Diaz, Leonardo Decaprio. Twentieth Century Fox, 2003. DVD. Bonnie and Clyde : Dead and Alive. Dir. Bruce Beresford. Perf. Emile Hirsch , Holliday Grainger. Sony Pictres Television, 2013. Televison Program Movie.

Subculture: Electro House Raver

The hallway is dark and all you hear are melodic beats getting steadily louder growing with your anticipation as you walk closer to the entrance. The hallway opens up to a huge warehouse stuffed with ravers. Strobe lights blind you at first but their inviting energy gets you in the mood. Up front is a DJ mixing continuous beats making the floor pulsate. All of your senses are heightened giving everything movement and energy. Electro House is more than just a genre of music. This genre has formed into a subculture because of its enormous following, lifestyle, and roots. The electro house music lifestyle grabs hold of mostly youth. However race, gender, and socioeconomic status is all ranges. A younger crowd is drawn to this genre because of the fun party scene involved and the care free attitude the genre evokes. The electro house genre became more than just music in the 2000’s. Popular DJ’s became the main draw for clubs. Typically this kind of party is called a rave. A rave describes the atmosphere which is dark, has strobe lights and sometimes accompanied by a projection of images to go along with the music. Ravers are the people who go to raves. This is the person who evokes the house music lifestyle. Typically a raver is young, dresses fashionably, and sometimes likes the drugs ecstasy, cocaine, and or MDMA. Raves can be known for their drug consumption but not all ravers are like this. An experienced raver usually brings or wears something that glows. If a raver brings glow sticks this allows an opportunity to dance with one in each hand, this is very popular while listening to electro house music. The fast paced music allows the ravers to dance rhythmically and can be compared to tribal like movements. In every day slang electro house is called electro. Jargon is also used to describe different kinds of electro house music. A bootleg is a remix made by a DJ who doesn’t have the official legal rights or permission to make the remix. These kinds of remixes are common and are done by every DJ. Mashups are similar and involve a producer taking elements from different tracks and putting them together to make a new one. White labels are twelve inch vinyls released for test pressing containing the bootleg tracks or remixes. Ravers also have a slew of jargon when talking about ecstasy. Mostly the terms E, X, or rolls are used and when on the drug most refer to it as â€Å"rollin†. To understand the subculture of electro house the history of house music needs to be established. House music in its first form was disco. The history of house music starts back in 1977 when â€Å"Saturday Night Fever† came out. â€Å"Saturday Night Fever† was an instant hit and a surge of young americans went to disco clubs. Disco at this time was a blend of 70’s funk, soul music, and rock. Most of the disco scene was in New York until 1979 when it spread to underground warehouses in Chicago and Detroit. The creation of house music was an attempt to get listeners hooked. So Chicago and Detroit DJs decided to introduce new techniques in the way disco was being presented. This combined with its separation from New York disco helped it evolve into its own genre. House music became known as more edgier, raw, and incorporated more diverse sounds. Electric keyboards, beat boxers, as well as beat machines helped to refine it into what it is today. Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, and Iowa still have one of the largest house scenes to this day. Plenty of sub-genres of house music has formed since the 1970’s. There is acid house music, latin house, disco house, hard house, funky house, chicago house, NRG house, tech house, New York house, and the largest electro house. Electro house grew from house music and has shown its superiority since 2000. Electro house music differentiates from house music with its four to the floor beats, analogue basslines, high pitched leads, usually accompanied by a piano or string riff. The electro house tempo ranges from 120-130 bpm. The word electro comes from the 1980’s electro movement by which it was influenced. After the 1980’s synth pop sound came the electroclash movement of the early 2000’s. This is where electro house was born, particularly from the Detroit techno scene. The electro house genre has become steadily more popular on the Billboard Top 100. The mainstream electro house songs usually feature a remix of a slower original song like Kid Cudi, â€Å"Pursuit of Happiness† later remixed by Steve Aoki to become an electro house anthem. Other notable electro house DJ’s are Benny Benassi, Daft Punk, Crookers, David Guetta, Deadmau5, Justice, Klaas, MSTRKRFT, Spencer & Hill, and The Bloody Beatroots. Electro house music’s popularity has been on the rise since 2000. You tube has allowed this genre to spread because unknown DJ’s know have an effective platform to showcase their talents. Electro house ravers have a belief system similar to the disco era. Both groups of young adults want to escape their problems and live in the present. Their intertwining beliefs stem from house evolving from disco. Electro house makes it their own by taking it to a level of embracing who you are. An electro house raver isn’t easy to define because they embrace who they want to be. When you walk into a rave you will see some people dressed in halloween type costumes such as angel wings and bright neons or others in regular street clothing. You don’t have to wear a particular type of outfit to fit in. Electro house lovers value this because it’s about the music. The drug ecstasy is widely embraced for this reason. It always the raver to unwind and leave behind their troubles. Disco in the 70’s and electro house of today both allow an escape for their generation. This is also why electro house has such a wide range of youth followers. There’s no pressure to be rich or be a certain race. Where ever you are from and what ever you do electro house will embrace you.

Essay on Human Resources Labor Unions - 2533 Words

The Impact of Labor Unions in the Hospitality Industry Sophia Gomez June 7, 2012 Table of Contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..1 The History of Labor Unions.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 Labor Unions Today†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...............4 Labor Unions and Their Impact in the Hospitality Industry†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...................................................6 How to Remain Union Free†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦........8 Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....9 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.10 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.11 Abstract Labor Unions in the United States have protected employee rights and benefits for several decades. Human Resources play an essential role†¦show more content†¦Due to the changes and intense job conditions labor unions began to form in an effort to bargain for better rights. Strikes took place, resulting in conflict between workers and employers. The most influential of the unions being created at the time was the American Federation of Labor union due to its focus on higher wages and improved working conditions for its members. Miners in the mining industry were faced with long working hours, unsafe working conditions and were poorly paid. Most lived in company towers where doctors, schools, and law enforcement were provided by the actual companies in an effort to control the workers. â€Å"Companies maintained an oppressive working environment, prohibiting workers from talking or gathering, to discourage the creation of unions.† (Habashi, 2011) In 1890 the Unite Mine Workers of America was founded representing workers in the mining sector that fought for collective bargaining. During 1933 and 1936, President Franklin Roosevelt’s â€Å"New Deal† was created protecting the rights of labor unions and prohibited employers from firing workers who took part in union activities. Labor Unions Today The work force has become extremely competitive over the past decade due to the drop in the economy. Union members are found to be in an advantage being that in some cases they earn aShow MoreRelatedHistory Of Union And Human Resources1205 Words   |  5 Pagesof the union is ensuring the labor can get their rights, such as minimum wages, working environment, and pensions and so on. The union supports labor that when a company gets profit, labor can get their reasonable benefit back. The trend of an organization is management in the twenty-first century. A company thinks an employee is part of assets in the organization. Therefore, the Human Resource Management is more valuable than the union to manage the employee. History of Union and Human ResourcesRead MoreRole Of Unions During The United States899 Words   |  4 PagesRole of Unions in the United States According to Dias, a union is an organization of employees that forms to negotiate or bargain with an employer (Dias, 2012). Unions are a part of our Nation’s history, allowing workers the power to negotiate wages, work hours, benefits, health and safety guidelines, training, and other work related issues, and helped to create todays labor standards. These standards include minimum wage, social security, eight-hour workday and weekends, overtime pay, the AmericanRead MoreHistory of Human Resource Management Essay1398 Words   |  6 PagesHistory of Human Resource Management Human resource management is the strategic and coherent approach to the management of an organizations most valued assets - the people working there who individually and collectively contribute to the achievement of the objectives of the business. 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Most organizationsRead MoreWalmart Corporation s Labor And Employee Relations1700 Words   |  7 Pagesagainst labor unions and this issue has prompted public outrage, (Johansson, 2005) which is of great concern for the market. The company has also faced criticism for being anti-union, but it has claimed that it is rather pro-associate, whereby employees can report their grievances with the company through their open door policy (Greenhouse, 2015). This research paper will examine the validity of this claim as well as look into how well the Walmart Corporation has been managing their labor and employeeRead MoreMicrosofts Human Resource Management Strategy679 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Microsoft CORPORATION HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Company Profile: Microsoft Corporation Importance of Strategic Human Resource Management Talent Management Strategies Compensation and benefit packages for employees Policies and practices for Labor relations management Comparison with the Competitors Conclusion OBJECTIVES OF THE HRM STRATEGY To design effective talent management strategies; including recruitment and selection, motivation and retention, performanceRead MoreA Positive Relation Between Organizations, Human Resources, And Government Interventions1193 Words   |  5 Pages Additionally, trust in organizations is a positive relation with behavior at the workplace and is connected with unions, human resources, and government interventions.Most government marketplace interventions have used the alternative treatment principle of triage to split those in pain into three groups : those who cannot be helped with the assets offered ,those who will recuperate (or at least continue ) without any help, and those who will improve only with instant assistance(Sastre,2010, chapRead MoreLabor Relations Essay968 Words   |  4 Pages From the beginning, the American Federation of Labor (AFL) set out to be a different. Rather than focusing on remolding American life and the institutions in control of American life, th e AFL sought to better workers lives by securing higher wages, a shorter work day, and more favorable working conditions (Holley, Jennings, Wolters, 2009). The AFL also divided membership up by trade, recognizing that different skilled trades had individualized needs (Holley, Jennings, Wolters, 2009). TheRead MoreRelationship Between Management And The Labor Union Essay776 Words   |  4 Pages!!!Labor Relations Mexa Manufacturing has heard rumblings of employees wanting to join a union. A __union__, is a labor organization appointed to act on behalf of the best interest of workers. Companies where unions are present, the relationship between management and the labor representatives are called __labor relations__. John, a consultant was hired by Mexa Manufacturing to explain the labor relations process. The company in its current structure is considered non-unionized; which means employeeRead MoreBenefits Of Unionization For Unionized Workers Essay902 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction As the Assistant Director of Human Resources for a 400-bed hospital, employing nearly 3,000 employees, 800 of which are registered nurses. The local not-for-profit facility on the east side of town is under pressure to unionize form the SEIU-Healthcare based on their wages and staffing ratios. I have been asked by my Director of Human Resources what is my opinion on the next course of action for my hospital. The Advantages to the Organization for Unionized Unionization offers employees

Life of Brian as Historical Satire Essay examples

Monty Python’s Life of Brian traces the tragic last year of Brian of Nazareth, a man who shares his exact birthday and town with Jesus Christ, the subject of countless biblical epic films. Comedy distinguishes this biopic, which features a male actor playing the analog of the Virgin Mary, a cured leper begging for alms, and spontaneous song on the crucifix. It is not sufficient, however, to relegate the film to parody, which seems the obvious criticism, simply for taking a comedic outlook. The unique style and construction of many scenes imply that comedy partially motivated the film, but other stimuli clearly contributed to its simple message. Closely analyzing the film’s principal utilization of non-realistic elements and scenes†¦show more content†¦In this case, the viewer expects the Virgin Mary to accept frankincense, gold, and myrrh. The feminized male voice, the hideous face, the slapstick, and questioning if myrrh is â€Å"a dangerous animal† all interrupt anticipated conventions that are informed by Bible scholarship, h istory, and a host of previous artistic works. The canonical information that contributes to the viewer’s expectations is restored when the mother tells the three wise men that her child is called Brian, thus relinquishing the Christ parody that could have been. The realism that permeates the first few shots allows the payoff joke to work. Production designer and group member Terry Gilliam describes the achieved realism in relation to the intended overall style: â€Å"We actually wanted to give it a very rich feel, we didn’t want it to be too lit. You very often find comedy is over-lit, but we wanted it to look like an art film. I don’t see any reason why a comedy shouldn’t be beautiful. I wanted it to look like an epic: to look rich and have depth of color.† The intricate scenes in the film reveal a balance between humor and historical reality that allows it to creatively explore ancient culture without having to rely on other canonical films for a cheap laugh. The movie-going public naturally assumes comedy plus history equals parody, which is usually appropriate considering, for example, Robin Hood: Men in Tights (Mel Brooks, 1993), which barelyShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of George Orwell s Nineteen Eighty Four 1122 Words   |  5 Pagesto promote assimilation to the way of life that the party believes is right. The media is a constant reminder that he is never alone and is continually being monitored. Being that the text is told from Winston’s point of view, the responder also feels the sense of o ppression that influences Winston’s life The power of the media also exists in Oprah however it highlights the positive nature. It shows how through a small coverage of Berhan’s survival by Brian Stewart, it can lead to much needed supportRead MoreFeminism in Top Girls and The Handmaids Tale Essay1635 Words   |  7 Pagesextreme with claims such as it is every man’s right to rule supreme at home and a woman’s place is in the home. [7] She sets the story in a pseudo-religious totalitarian society. The narrator of the story, Offred is describing in her diary the life of women in the society in the theocratic Republic of Gilead of the future. Top Girls is classified as Theatre of Alienation. Through the unconventional structure of the Brechtian Theatre, Churchill does not want the audience to simply follow theRead MoreElements of Postmodernism in Ishmael Reeds Mumbo Jumbo, Don Delillos White Noise, Toni Morrisons Beloved and Thomas Pynchons the Crying of Lot 496348 Words   |  26 Pages Mumbo Jumbo, Ishmael Reed Mumbo Jumbo is according to the cover Ishmael Reeds â€Å"brilliantly satiric deconstruction of Western civilization, a racy and uproarious commentary on our society. In it, Reed mixes portraits of historical figures and fictional characters with sound bites on subjects ranging from ragtime to Greek philosophy.† It was written in the late 1960s and deals with the current cultural issues of the time. 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Personal Statement Take A Deep Breath - 876 Words

Personal statement I’m pacing around, in retrospect,â€Å"Take a deep breath. I will be fine,† that how I implied myself in my first exam when I was a freshman in college. That was two years ago, how fast time flies. Thankfully, the college provided me ample opportunities to foster my passion, and the most precious things I learned were about interpersonal skill. In that ensuing years, I won two kinds of scholarships and involved in several extracurricular activities including performed in Global Fest, presented my Honor Program Project, volunteered in UW night market, and be an Economics subject tutor in Tutoring Center. Ultimately, growing up in this environment encouraged me to keep moving forward to achieve my desired academic outcomes and†¦show more content†¦Looking back, my undergraduate Business education in college has given me a great foundation to understand in that field generally and attracted me to find my current goal, to push me on to the next step. 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What’s more, that will help me further working and carrying out an idea that I have been planning for a long t ime: to be an business economist. Now, I want to master the skills of Business Economics, work to improve the processes of Economics practice, and successfully educate my clients so they are empowered to choose a better way. 6.The most important part ofShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Angela Lambert s Keep The Young Alive- But Let The Old Die 940 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"I have implored my children not to let me degenerate into a spoon-fed, geriatric foetus†. A very powerful statement made by Angela Lambert as a subheading for her article â€Å"Keep the young alive- but let the old die in peace†. The author’s intentions and arguments are very clear and specific to the reader, even before having read the actual article. Angela Lambert was a first-rate writer in a number of genres. She was a journalist for the Independent, a United Kingdom based magazine. 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Origin of Sewage Free Essays

Sewage is created by residential, institutional, and commercial and industrial establishments and includes household waste liquid from toilets, baths, showers, kitchens, sinks and so forth that is disposed of via sewers. In many areas, sewage also includes liquid waste from industry and commerce. The separation and draining of household waste into grey water and black water is becoming more common in the developed world, with grey water being permitted to be used for watering plants or recycled for flushing toilets. We will write a custom essay sample on Origin of Sewage or any similar topic only for you Order Now Most sewage also includes some surface water from roofs or hard-standing areas and may include stormwater runoff. Sewerage systems capable of handling stormwater are known as combined systems or combined sewers. Such systems are usually avoided since they complicate and thereby reduce the efficiency of sewage treatment plants owing to their seasonality. The variability in flow also leads to often larger than necessary, and subsequently more expensive, treatment facilities.In addition, heavy storms that contribute more flows than the treatment plant can handle may overwhelm the sewage treatment system, causing a spill or overflow. Modern sewer developments tend to be provided with separate storm drain systems for rainwater. As rainfall travels over roofs and the ground, it may pick up various contaminants including soil particles and other sediment, heavy metals, organic compounds, animal waste, and oil and grease.Some jurisdictions require stormwater to receive some level of treatment before being discharged directly into waterways. Examples of treatment processes used for stormwater include retention basins, wetlands, buried vaults with various kinds of media filters, and vortex separators (to remove coarse solids). Sanitary sewers are typically much smaller than storm sewers, and they are not designed to transport stormwater. In areas with basements, backups of raw sewage can occur if excessive stormwater is allowed into a sanitary sewer system. How to cite Origin of Sewage, Papers

Output Gap and Inflation Target Monetary Policy

Question: Describe, including a Philips curve diagram, how and why the output gap between equilibrium and actual output is used by policymakers to target inflation. With reference to the IS/PC/MR model and the extract from Minutes of the Monetary Policy Committee for January 2015, explain the Bank of Englands decision to hold interest rates at 0.5% and to maintain asset purchases, known as Quantitative Easing (QE)? Answer: Output Gap and Inflation Target When the economy experiences downturn then there is a decline in the economys output of goods and service. But when the economy recovers then that output, popularly known as countrys GDP increases. Policy makers and economist take interest in these ups and downs in the economy which is called business cycle. But what they are more concerned with is how close the gap between current output and potential output is. Their main interest is not only on the increase or decrease in GDP but also on the extent to which the GDP is above or below the potential level. This difference in the current or actual output and the potential output is the output gap. The potential output is defined as the maximum output an economy can produce when it is most efficient or in other words is at full capacity. The potential output is sometimes referred to as production capacity of the economy. With the rise and fall in GDP, the output gap can be positive and negative. A positive output gap occurs when current output exceeds the potential output. This happens when there is high demand and to meet this demand the workers operate above their efficient capacity. A negative output occurs when there is spare capacity and the economy has weak demand. The negative output gap is characterized when the potential GDP exceeds the potential GDP. (Abel and Bernanke, 2001) The presence of an output gap is represents that an economy is not at its efficient level- it is either overworking or underworking its resources. Policymakers tend to use the potential output to measure the dimension of inflation. In this regard, the output gap is like an indicator which analyzes the demand and supply components of economic activity. In short we can say state that the output gap evaluates the degree of inflation in the economy and it helps to establish an important linkage between the real side of the economy which includes the production of goods and services and inflation. During recession, a fall in aggregate demand causes output gap to be negative where potential GDP exceeds actual GDP. This output gap is directed by the increase in unemployment and unemployed resources. The level of output gap helps to recognize the level of inflation in the economy. The negative output gap determines inflation to be low. In this situation the monetary policy tend to be lax where a low rate of interest would be required to accentuate growth and diminish negative output. A positive output gap is a situation where the rate of growth is above the trend growth and this leads to a rise in inflationary pressure. Now this output gap is related to unemployment. The non accelerating inflation rate of unemployment (NAIRU) is that unemployment rate that is consistent with constant inflation rate. The deflection of unemployment rate from its NAIRU is related with the diversion of output from its potential level. If the policymakers are able to state that the actual employment rate is equal to the NAIRU, then the economy will be able to produce the maximum output without overutilizing the resources in short there would be no output gap and no inflation in the economy. As we have analyzed that output gap has close association with the rate of inflation. So we can establish a relationship between inflation and unemployment. The relationship between the level of unemployment and the rate of inflation in the economy is shown with the help of the Phillips curve. The policymakers could explain the tradeoff between the unemployment and inflation. The Phillips curve helps to explain that as unemployment in creases, the rate of inflation lowers. The reason behind this tradeoff between the inflation rate and the rate of unemployment is that with an increase in aggregate demand the real GDP increases and therefore firms hire more workers and thereby the level of unemployment falls. But as the economy touches the full capacity, we can witness some inflationary pressures. This is because as the level of unemployment is lowered, the workers get the urge to demand more money wages which leads to a wage inflation. Also firms can increase the prices because of this rising demand. So we can see that as the level of unemployment is decreasing the economy is experiencing higher inflation rate. (Imf.org, 2015) The deviation of the unemployment from NAIRU is related to the output gap which is the deviation of the actual output from its potential level. Thus the output gap acquires a central position in the course of policy making. Most of the central banks aim at attaining the full capacity level where full employment leads to no output gap. And almost all central bank attempts to control the rate of inflation and output gap plays an important role in determining the inflation pressure. The output is responsible for indication the over performing or underperforming nature of the economy and so monetary policies are in immediate requirement in this regard. The monetary policy can be implemented by the central bank to enhance growth when the economy is under recession and there is a negative output gap. This is done by lowering the interest rates in order to increase the demand and restrict inflation to fall below the central banks target on the inflation rate. Again in the boom period, there exist positive output gap which initiates inflation rate to grow and in this context the central bank can stimulate growth in the economy by increasing the interest rates. Thus the policy makers are increasingly using the output gap to target inflationary pressures in the economy. But there crept up certain difficulties in estimating the output gap, so the policymakers use other economic indicators like employment, utilizing the capacity, shortages in labor, money and credit growth and inflation relative to expectations to assess the overall capacity pressure within the economy. (Claus, n.d.) Bank Of England And Low Interest Rate Based On Inflation Targeting Model The inflation targeting model is described by a three equation model IS-PC-MR. over the years the main policy goal of most of the central bank is targeting inflation which is conducted by the implementation of the monetary policy. The key policy instrument in this case is the nominal interest rate. The model assumes that the central banks systematically try to minimize the fluctuations of output around its natural rate of full employment and fluctuations of inflation about its target. The model assumes that the rate of inflation goes through a slow and persistent process and its takes around a year for the monetary policy to impact the output and this in turn takes around a year for the output to affect the inflation rates. The model also assumes that the central bank sets the nominal interest rate (i) and can evaluate the real rate of interest based on i and the expected rate of inflation which is nothing buyt the inflation of the previous period considering the adjustment lag. The equation given below describes the above assumption: The model is implemented on the basis of three set of equations: IS curve: (Mankiw, 2007) The equation of the IS Curve is Where C is the consumption, I is the investment, G is the government expenditure, EX is the exports, IM is the imports and Y denotes the real GDP. In this model, any change in the real interest rate affects the spending. As r increases, the borrowings of the consumer fall which is depicted by a fall in the C. this fall also leads to a decrease in the real GDP. Again if r declines then I will fall because investment and real interest rate are inversely related. A fall in the level of investment leads to a decline in the real GDP,Y. Also if r declines then the level of export falls but the imports rise leading to a fall in the Y. So the central bank has to adjust r to determine the level of real GDP of the economy. Phillips curve (PC): It establishes an inverse relationship between the level of unemployment and the rate of inflation. The equation of the Phillips curve is given by: (Stock and Watson, 2008) Where is the inflation rate, e is the expected inflation rate, Y is the actual GDP and Ye is the potential GDP. So as Y exceeds Ye, there is positive output gap which leads to increase in inflation rate and as Ye exceeds Y, there arises negative output gap which lowers down the inflation rate. So in order to reduce inflation, it is the duty of the central bank to create an output gap. And creation of output gap is done by increasing the real rate of interest by the central bank. (Ma, 2014) Monetary Policy Reaction Function (MR): The monetary policy rule helps to explain the mechanism of adjusting the real interest rate to target inflation in response to different shocks within the economy. The objective of the model is to stabilize inflation by minimizing output fluctuations. (Bain and Howells, 2015) The MR works when the central bank raises the real interest rate in order to slump the economy and thereby reducing inflation. As inflation declines people adjust their expectations to be low. This will drive down the PC to the level of expected inflation. The lower inflation enables the central bank to decline in the interest rate and inflation falls. Gradually the target rate of inflation is acquired and the economy reaches the full employment. (Bain and Howells, 2003) Based on the Minutes Of The Monetary Policy Committee Meeting 7 and 8 January 2015 The CPI inflation was around 0.55 IN December 2014 and it declined below the target of 2%. The main reason behind the fall is the steep fall in the wholesale energy prices last year. Since the inflation is below its target, the unemployment is well above the sustainable rate. This can be explained by the PC which defines an inversely relationship between the inflation rate and the unemployment rate. In order to stimulate growth in the economy, there is an immediate need to return the inflation rate to its target and eliminate the economic slack. (BBC News, 2015) (Neuenkirch, 2013) There were significant developments after the Inflation report of November which included fall in oil price, the spot price of Brent crude oil had decreased to $50 per barrel. It was expected by the bank staff that the CPI would be below zero during the first half of 2015. The market interest had fallen due to the tight UK monetary policy. The outlook justified that it is necessary to maintain the current level of Bank Rate and the asset stock purchases (Aldrick, 2012)which is financed by the issuance of reserves of the central bank. The adjustment in the monetary policy would be adjusted to ensure that CPI inflation returned back to 2% target. The two members who voted for the increase in the Bank rate was of the view that the sharp fall in the inflation rate below 2% target was initiated by other temporary factors. (MINUTES OF THE MONETARY POLICY COMMITTEE MEETING 7 and 8 January 2015, 2015)Thus the decision by the Bank of England to maintain the interest rate at 0.5% requires a pr oper implementation of the UK monetary policy which would by the MR signifies that it should aim at improving the unemployment scenario to raise the inflation rate to its target. (Tradingeconomics.com, 2015)This will lower the real interest rate from the first equation which in turn increased the level of investment and thus improve the real GDP. Thus, improvement in the real GDP by the growth in the level of investment is justified by the IS curve. (Fender, 2012) Thus, Bank of Englands decision to hold interest rate at 0.5% would drive up the inflation to its target and thereby increasing the level of investment. This increase in the level of investment will drive up the aggregate demand and in short this will help to stimulate growth in the economy by increasing the real GDP. (Dow, Klaes and Montagnoli, 2009) (Gerdesmeier, Mongelli and Roffia, 2010) (Tradingeconomics.com, 2015) References Abel, A. and Bernanke, B. (2001).Macroeconomics. Boston: Addison-Wesley. Aldrick, P. (2012).Economists call time on quantitative easing after Bank votes to hold. [online] Telegraph.co.uk. Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/9663744/Economists-call-time-on-quantitative-easing-after-Bank-votes-to-hold.html [Accessed 7 Mar. 2015]. Bain, K. and Howells, P. (2003).Monetary economics. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Bain, M. and Howells, P. (2015).Monetary Economics: Policy and Its Theoretical Basis. Palgrave Macmillan. BBC News, (2015).Bank keeps UK interest rates on hold. [online] Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-30726535 [Accessed 7 Mar. 2015]. Claus, I. (n.d.). Is the Output Gap a Useful Indicator of Inflation.SSRN Journal. Dow, S., Klaes, M. and Montagnoli, A. (2009). Risk And Uncertainty In Central Bank Signals: An Analysis Of Monetary Policy Committee Minutes.Metroeconomica, 60(4), pp.584-618. Fender, J. (2012).Monetary policy. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Gerdesmeier, D., Mongelli, F. and Roffia, B. (2010). Interest Rate Setting by the Fed, the ECB, the Bank of Japan and the Bank of England Compared.Comp Econ Stud, 52(4), pp.549-574. Imf.org, (2015).What Is the Output Gap? - Back to Basics - Finance Development, September 2013. [online] Available at: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2013/09/basics.htm [Accessed 7 Mar. 2015]. Ma, J. (2014). The Modern Phillips Curve Revisited.ME, 05(03), pp.188-200. Mankiw, N. (2007).Macroeconomics. New York: Worth Publishers. Minutes Of The Monetary Policy Committee Meeting 7 and 8 January 2015. (2015). 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/minutes/Documents/mpc/pdf/2015/jan.pdf [Accessed 7 Mar. 2015]. Neuenkirch, M. (2013). Predicting Bank of England's asset purchase decisions with MPC voting records.Applied Economics Letters, 20(13), pp.1275-1278. Stock, J. and Watson, M. (2008).Phillips curve inflation forecasts. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research. Tradingeconomics.com, (2015).BoE Shows Concerns Over Low Inflation. [online] Available at: https://www.tradingeconomics.com/articles/02122015110830.htm [Accessed 7 Mar. 2015]. Tradingeconomics.com, (2015).BoE Voted Unanimously to Leave Rates on Hold. [online] Available at: https://www.tradingeconomics.com/articles/01212015101809.htm [Accessed 7 Mar. 2015].